![]() ![]() ![]() The training, professional experiences, and general outlook of highway engineers predisposed them to reject summarily alternatives to their elegant engineering projects. Construction, truck, and automobile industry representatives among others joined their congressional friends and state highway officials to resist design changes. Opposition to the Urban Advisors’ ideas resided in many quarters. Complaints about urban freeways continued into the 1970s. Nor did federal and state road engineers suddenly follow through with environmentally-friendly routes and designs. Many of the ideas embodied in their recommendations had circulated among highway engineers well before they published their report. It is difficult to evaluate the efficacy of the Urban Advisors study. Like Simonds’s proposals in several consultations on freeway projects, notably for I-66 in suburban Virginia outside Washington, D.C., design improvements were infrequently adopted because of vociferous opposition of highway engineers, additional expenses, and late inclusion in the planning process. ![]() Their recommendations contributed to a long effort of design reform. Meeting over the course of two years, the Urban Advisors (as Whitton named the group) published an extensive report as a book, The Freeway in the City, edited by Simonds. Whitton consulted with experts such as landscape architect John Ormsbee Simonds and in 1966 appointed a group of eight design professionals charged with devising guidelines for improving the location and design of urban freeways. In the face of rancorous opposition to freeways being blasted into central cities and congressional mandates to reduce noise pollution, enhance safety, and protect parks and historic buildings, federal highway administrator Rex M. All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALS ![]()
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